467 works cited

The literature behind the panel.

CellWise curated its biomarker panel from published single-cell and PBMC transcriptomics research, and its peptide work from the pharmacology of the compounds themselves. This list includes every work the CellWise platform cites, from the biology behind each gene's direction to the mechanism behind each peptide pairing. Every entry links to the publisher of record so you can read it yourself rather than take our word for it.

How to read this list

This is the body of work the panel was curated from. It is not a claim that any of these authors validated CellWise, endorsed it, or were involved in building it. Where an entry is marked a preprint, it had not completed peer review at the time we read it.

CellWise is research use only (RUO) until SaMD clearance and is decision support for a licensed practitioner, not a diagnostic. Nothing on this page should be read as a clinical claim.

Single-cell and PBMC immune transcriptomics65

  1. A human model of asthma exacerbation reveals transcriptional programs and cell circuits specific to allergic asthma
    PMC
  2. Age-related changes in energy metabolism in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) and the brains of cognitively healthy seniors
    GeroScience 2023 Springer
  3. Associations between PBMC whole genome transcriptome, muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in healthy older adults
    GeroScience 2023 Springer
  4. Cellular and transcriptional dynamics of human neutrophils at steady state and upon stress
    PMC
  5. Clonal expansion and epigenetic inheritance of long-lasting NK cell memory
    Nature Immunology 2022 PMC
  6. Deep immunophenotyping reveals that autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders are spread along two immunological axes capturing disease inflammation levels and types
    Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2024 DOI
  7. Estimation of biological aging based on T-cell differentiation trajectories: emerging and future avenues
    Frontiers in Aging 2025 DOI
  8. Evaluation of quantitative biomarkers of aging in human PBMCs
    Frontiers in Aging 2023 Frontiers
  9. Heterogeneity and transcriptome changes of human CD8+ T cells across nine decades of life
    Nature Communications 2022 PMC
  10. Human PBMC scRNA-seq-based aging clocks reveal ribosome to inflammation balance as a single-cell aging hallmark and super longevity
    Science Advances Science
  11. IMMClock reveals immune aging and T cell function at single-cell resolution
    bioRxiv (preprint) 2024 DOI
  12. Immunological biomarkers of aging
    The Journal of Immunology 2025 DOI
  13. Integrated single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq reveals heterogeneous differentiation of CD4+ naive T cell subsets is associated with response to antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder
    Advanced Science 2024 PMC
  14. Mapping the genetic landscape of immune-mediated disorders: potential implications for classification and therapeutic strategies
    Frontiers in Immunology 2025 DOI
  15. Mitochondrial function in peripheral blood cells across the human lifespan
    npj Aging 2023 Nature
  16. Monocytes differentiate along two alternative pathways during sterile inflammation
    PMC
  17. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial dysfunction in acute alcohol-associated hepatitis
    Clinical and Translational Medicine 2023 PMC
  18. Predicting bacterial infection outcomes using single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of human immune cells
    Nature Communications 2019 Nature
  19. Single-cell analysis of human PBMCs in healthy and type 2 diabetes populations: dysregulated immune networks in type 2 diabetes unveiled through single-cell profiling
    Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024 Frontiers
  20. Single-cell profiling of mononuclear cells identifies transcriptomics signatures differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia
    Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 2025 DOI
  21. Single-cell RNA sequencing atlas of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with coronary artery disease
    ScienceDirect
  22. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis reveals cell subsets and gene signatures associated with rheumatoid arthritis disease activity
    JCI Insight 2024 JCI Insight
  23. Single-cell sequencing of immune cells after marathon and symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise
    iScience 2023 PMC
  24. Specific types of male infertility are correlated with T cell exhaustion or senescence signatures
    Nature Communications 2025 Nature
  25. Systematic immune cell dysregulation and molecular subtypes revealed by single-cell RNA-seq of subjects with type 1 diabetes
    Genome Medicine 2024 PubMed
  26. The physical exercise-induced oxidative/inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: signaling cellular energetic stress situations
    ScienceDirect
  27. The relationship between mitochondrial health, telomerase activity and longitudinal telomere attrition
    Scientific Reports 2024 Nature
  28. Transcriptome-driven Health-status Transversal-predictor Analysis (THTA) using the PBMC transcriptome for health, food, microbiome and disease markers
    medRxiv (preprint) 2024 medRxiv
  29. Using blood transcriptome analysis for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and patient stratification
    Alzheimer's & Dementia 2024 PMC
  30. Whole-genome transcriptomics of PBMC to identify biomarkers of early metabolic risk in apparently healthy people with overweight-obesity and in normal-weight subjects
    Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Wiley
  31. Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: central and effector memory cells in CD4(+) versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8(+) compartment
    Mech Ageing Dev 2005 DOI
  32. Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype
    Brain Behav Immun 2009 DOI
  33. Age-dependent frequency of unconventional T cells in a healthy adult Caucasian population: a combinational study of invariant natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosa-associated invariant T cells
    Geroscience 2022 DOI
  34. Age-dependent immune profile in healthy individuals: an original study, systematic review and meta-analysis
    Immun Ageing 2024 DOI
  35. An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4
    J Exp Med 2003 DOI
  36. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms and research progress of colchicine in atherosclerotic therapy
    J Cell Mol Med 2021 DOI
  37. Cardiovascular Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: Contemporary Meta-Analyses
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020 DOI
  38. Circulating biomarkers during progression to type 1 diabetes: A systematic review
    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023 DOI
  39. Circulating human basophils lack the features of professional antigen presenting cells
    Sci Rep 2013 DOI
  40. Circulating monocyte partitioning and its alteration in hematological chronic neoplasms
    Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2026 DOI
  41. CMV-independent increase in CD27-CD28+ CD8+ EMRA T cells is inversely related to mortality in octogenarians
    NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2020 DOI
  42. Comparison of the deep immune profiling of B cell subsets between healthy adults and Sjögren's syndrome
    Ann Med 2022 DOI
  43. Deep characterization of human γδ T cell subsets defines shared and lineage-specific traits
    Front Immunol 2023 DOI
  44. Expansion of a unique CD57⁺NKG2Chi natural killer cell subset during acute human cytomegalovirus infection
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 DOI
  45. Flow Cytometric Enumeration of Peripheral Blood CD34Cells Predicts Bone Marrow Pathology in Patients with Less Than 1% Blasts by Manual Count
    J Blood Med 2023 DOI
  46. Frequency and stability of populations of CD4and CD4CD25Foxp3CD127Treg in healthy adults defined by cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to T cell associated molecules
    Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2025 DOI
  47. Human Blood Monocyte Subsets: A New Gating Strategy Defined Using Cell Surface Markers Identified by Mass Cytometry
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017 DOI
  48. Human dendritic cell subsets: an update
    Immunology 2018 DOI
  49. Human γδ T-Cells: From Surface Receptors to the Therapy of High-Risk Leukemias
    Front Immunol 2018 DOI
  50. Incident Gallstones During Somatostatin Analog Treatment are Associated with Acute Biliary Complications Especially After Discontinuation
    Drugs R D 2021 DOI
  51. Increased Frequencies of Switched Memory B Cells and Plasmablasts in Peripheral Blood from Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
    J Immunol Res 2020 DOI
  52. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data
    Cell 2021 DOI
  53. Integrative Analysis Reveals a Molecular Stratification of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
    Arthritis Rheumatol 2021 DOI
  54. MAIT Cell Development and Functions: the Microbial Connection
    Immunity 2020 DOI
  55. Mutation of the Secys residue 266 in human type 2 selenodeiodinase alters 75Se incorporation without affecting its biochemical properties
    Biochimie 1999 DOI
  56. Periodic fever syndrome and autoinflammatory diseases
    F1000 Med Rep 2010 DOI
  57. Phenotype, function, and differentiation potential of human monocyte subsets
    PLoS One 2017 DOI
  58. Reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets in healthy adults and adolescents with special mention of T cell maturation subsets in adults of South Florida
    Immunobiology 2014 DOI
  59. Spatial map of human T cell compartmentalization and maintenance over decades of life
    Cell 2014 DOI
  60. The Influence of Aging on the Unfolded Protein Response in Human Skeletal Muscle at Rest and after Acute Exercise
    Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024 DOI
  61. The leptin receptor promoter controls expression of a second distinct protein
    Nucleic Acids Res 1997 DOI
  62. The molecular subtypes of autoimmune diseases
    Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024 DOI
  63. The unfolded protein response mediates adaptation to exercise in skeletal muscle through a PGC-1α/ATF6α complex
    Cell Metab 2011 DOI
  64. Translational regulatory mechanisms generate N-terminal glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with unique transcriptional target genes
    Mol Cell 2005 DOI
  65. Unfolded Protein Response at the Crossroads: Integrating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress with Cellular Stress Networks
    Int J Mol Sci 2026 DOI

Immune states and inflammation13

  1. CD169 expression on monocytes as a marker for assessing type I interferon status in pediatric inflammatory diseases
    Clin Immunol 2023 DOI
  2. Comprehensive Profiling of an Aging Immune System Reveals Clonal GZMK+CD8+ T Cells as Conserved Hallmark of Inflammaging
    Immunity 2020 DOI
  3. Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan
    Front Immunol 2018 DOI
  4. Decreased insulin binding to adipocytes and circulating monocytes from obese subjects
    J Clin Invest 1976 DOI
  5. Endotoxin tolerance: new mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance
    Trends Immunol 2009 DOI
  6. High-Dimensional Single-Cell Analysis Identifies Organ-Specific Signatures and Conserved NK Cell Subsets in Humans and Mice
    Immunity 2018 DOI
  7. Imprint of human cytomegalovirus infection on the NK cell receptor repertoire
    Blood 2004 DOI
  8. Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases
    Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018 DOI
  9. Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 DOI
  10. Novel insights on human NK cells' immunological modalities revealed by gene expression profiling
    J Immunol 2004 DOI
  11. Programmed PPAR-α downregulation induces inflammaging by suppressing fatty acid catabolism in monocytes
    iScience 2021 DOI
  12. Targeting interferon responses in juvenile dermatomyositis: Siglec-1 as an in vitro biomarker for JAK inhibitor efficacy
    Rheumatology (Oxford) 2025 DOI
  13. TLR recognition of self nucleic acids hampers glucocorticoid activity in lupus
    Nature 2010 DOI

Cell health, senescence and mitochondria11

  1. Aging impairs mitochondrial respiratory capacity in classical monocytes
    Exp Gerontol 2018 DOI
  2. Blood Cell Mitochondrial Respiration Increases With Age and Varies by Sex in Healthy Adults
    Aging Cell 2026 DOI
  3. Differential induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha and manganese superoxide dismutase by endotoxin in human monocytes: role of protein tyrosine kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappaB
    J Cell Physiol 2000 DOI
  4. Differentiation of functional dendritic cells and macrophages from human peripheral blood monocyte precursors is dependent on expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and requires iron
    Br J Haematol 2002 DOI
  5. Expression of p16(INK4a) in peripheral blood T-cells is a biomarker of human aging
    Aging Cell 2009 DOI
  6. Increased shelterin mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skeletal muscle following an ultra-long-distance running event
    J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011 DOI
  7. Lamin B1 loss is a senescence-associated biomarker
    Mol Biol Cell 2012 DOI
  8. Regulated expression of telomerase activity in human T lymphocyte development and activation
    J Exp Med 1996 DOI
  9. Shelterin dysfunction promotes CD4+ T cell senescence in Behçet's disease
    Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024 DOI
  10. Training and acute exercise modulates mitochondrial dynamics in football players' blood mononuclear cells
    Eur J Appl Physiol 2017 DOI
  11. TRF2 inhibition rather than telomerase disruption drives CD4T cell dysfunction during chronic viral infection
    J Cell Sci 2022 DOI

Cardiometabolic and lipid biology25

  1. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease
    N Engl J Med 2017 DOI
  2. Atorvastatin increases expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA in human circulating mononuclear cells
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009 DOI
  3. Atorvastatin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients suppresses cellular uptake of oxidized-LDL by differentiating monocytes
    Atherosclerosis 2002 DOI
  4. Broad defects in the energy metabolism of leukocytes underlie immunoparalysis in sepsis
    Nat Immunol 2016 DOI
  5. Defective production of interleukin-1 beta in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Restoration by proper glycemic control
    Cytokine 2016 DOI
  6. Dysregulated cytokine and oxidative response in hyper-glycolytic monocytes in obesity
    Front Immunol 2024 DOI
  7. Egr-2 and Egr-3 are negative regulators of T cell activation
    Nat Immunol 2005 DOI
  8. Fasting and refeeding differentially regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human subjects
    J Clin Invest 2015 DOI
  9. Genetic variations of CD36 and low platelet CD36 expression - a risk factor for lipemic plasma donation in Taiwanese apheresis donors
    Vox Sang 2015 DOI
  10. Identification of Key Genes and Pathways in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis
    Diabetes Metab J 2022 DOI
  11. Impaired TCR signaling through dysfunction of lipid rafts in sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1)-knockdown T cells
    Int Immunol 2008 DOI
  12. Increased Systemic and Plaque Inflammation in ABCA1 Mutation Carriers With Attenuation by Statins
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015 DOI
  13. Inflammasome and toll-like receptor signaling in human monocytes after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    Crit Care 2016 DOI
  14. Lipid environment induces ER stress, TXNIP expression and inflammation in immune cells of individuals with type 2 diabetes
    Diabetologia 2017 DOI
  15. LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 DOI
  16. Monocyte CD36 expression associates with atherosclerotic burden in diabetes mellitus
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020 DOI
  17. Monocytes, but not T cells, respond to insulin with Akt(S473) phosphorylation independent of the donor glucometabolic state
    Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014 DOI
  18. mTOR- and HIF-1α-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity
    Science 2014 DOI
  19. NLRP3 and downstream cytokine expression elevated in the monocytes of patients with coronary artery disease
    Arch Med Sci 2014 DOI
  20. NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood monocytes of acute coronary syndrome patients and its relationship with statins
    Coron Artery Dis 2015 DOI
  21. PU.1 is linking the glycolytic enzyme HK3 in neutrophil differentiation and survival of APL cells
    Blood 2012 DOI
  22. Reduced expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 increases cholesterol accumulation in macrophages of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Circulation 2008 DOI
  23. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins as guardians of inflammatory responses critical for regulating insulin sensitivity
    Biochem J 2014 DOI
  24. Targeting a ceramide double bond improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis
    Science 2019 DOI
  25. Upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with type 2 diabetes
    Diabetes 2012 DOI

Fitness, recovery and stress biology12

  1. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a key predictor of metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in adults with different physical activity levels
    Free Radic Biol Med 2025 DOI
  2. Circulating monocytes are not the source of elevations in plasma IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels after prolonged running
    Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001 DOI
  3. Effects of a resistance-training programme on endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and mitochondrial functions in PBMCs from elderly subjects
    Eur J Sport Sci 2019 DOI
  4. Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on Inflammatory, Apoptotic, and Antioxidative Signaling Pathways in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
    J Cancer Prev 2023 DOI
  5. Exercise-induced Nrf2-signaling is impaired in aging
    Free Radic Biol Med 2016 DOI
  6. Football and team handball training postpone cellular aging in women
    Sci Rep 2021 DOI
  7. Induction of Mn SOD in human monocytes without inflammatory cytokine production by a mutant endotoxin
    Am J Physiol 1998 DOI
  8. Metabolic syndrome and acute hyperglycemia are associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in human mononuclear cells
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 DOI
  9. Sampling time-dependent artifacts in single-cell genomics studies
    Genome Biol 2020 DOI
  10. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals Exercise-Induced Transcriptional Dynamics in Half-Marathon Runners
    Scand J Med Sci Sports 2025 DOI
  11. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease
    Nat Rev Immunol 2011 DOI
  12. XBP1, downstream of Blimp-1, expands the secretory apparatus and other organelles, and increases protein synthesis in plasma cell differentiation
    Immunity 2004 DOI

Hormone and neuroendocrine signalling21

  1. A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kappaB signaling
    Biol Psychiatry 2008 DOI
  2. A novel role for the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme type 2 deiodinase in the inflammatory response of macrophages
    Endocrinology 2014 DOI
  3. Altered expression of receptors for thyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I during reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
    Bone Marrow Transplant 2001 DOI
  4. Changes in eudaimonic well-being and the conserved transcriptional response to adversity in younger breast cancer survivors
    Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019 DOI
  5. Circadian clock genes oscillate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    Blood 2003 DOI
  6. Dexamethasone stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood is a sensitive marker for glucocorticoid receptor resistance in depressed patients
    Neuropsychopharmacology 2012 DOI
  7. Differential estrogen receptor gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations
    Immunol Lett 2005 DOI
  8. Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways
    Cell Immunol 2015 DOI
  9. Expression of type I insulin-like growth factor receptors on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    Endocrinology 1992 DOI
  10. Insufficient glucocorticoid receptor signaling and flattened salivary cortisol profile are associated with metabolic and inflammatory indices in type 2 diabetes
    J Endocrinol Invest 2020 DOI
  11. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases?
    Pharmacol Rev 2010 DOI
  12. Insulin-Like Growth Factors Are Key Regulators of T Helper 17 Regulatory T Cell Balance in Autoimmunity
    Immunity 2020 DOI
  13. Localization of androgen receptor expression in human bone marrow
    J Pathol 2001 DOI
  14. Mistimed sleep disrupts circadian regulation of the human transcriptome
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 DOI
  15. mRNA expression of nuclear receptor RZR/RORalpha, melatonin membrane receptor MT, and hydroxindole-O-methyltransferase in different populations of human immune cells
    J Pineal Res 2004 DOI
  16. Physiological relevance of thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor in tissues other than the thyroid
    Autoimmunity 2003 DOI
  17. Psychological well-being and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity
    PLoS One 2015 DOI
  18. Sex differences in immune responses
    Nat Rev Immunol 2016 DOI
  19. Temporal dynamics of cortisol-associated changes in mRNA expression of glucocorticoid responsive genes FKBP5, GILZ, SDPR, PER1, PER2 and PER3 in healthy humans
    Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018 DOI
  20. The Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity
    Curr Opin Behav Sci 2019 DOI
  21. Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells
    J Endocrinol 2016 DOI

Toxic exposure and detoxification8

  1. Accumulation of metallothionein and its multiple forms by zinc, cadmium and dexamethasone in human peripheral T and B lymphocytes and monocytes
    Chem Biol Interact 1995 DOI
  2. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Controls Monocyte Differentiation into Dendritic Cells versus Macrophages
    Immunity 2017 DOI
  3. Correlation between gene expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), cytochromes P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1), and inducibility of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in human lymphocytes
    Toxicol Sci 2003 DOI
  4. DNA Methylation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor Associations With Cigarette Smoking and Subclinical Atherosclerosis
    Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2015 DOI
  5. Identification of Smoking-Associated Differentially Methylated Regions Using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing and Cell type-Specific Enhancer Activation and Gene Expression
    Environ Health Perspect 2018 DOI
  6. Metallothionein and Zinc Transporter Expression in Circulating Human Blood Cells as Biomarkers of Zinc Status: a Systematic Review
    Adv Nutr 2016 DOI
  7. Phase 1 Study of a Sulforaphane-Containing Broccoli Sprout Homogenate for Sickle Cell Disease
    PLoS One 2016 DOI
  8. Zinc supplementation of young men alters metallothionein, zinc transporter, and cytokine gene expression in leukocyte populations
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 DOI

Reproductive immunology and fertility20

  1. 17beta-estradiol and progesterone do not influence the production of cytokines from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes in humans
    Fertil Steril 2004 DOI
  2. An increased proportion of progesterone receptor A in peripheral B cells from women who ultimately underwent spontaneous preterm birth
    J Reprod Immunol 2022 DOI
  3. Androgen-Induced Immunosuppression
    Front Immunol 2018 DOI
  4. CD8 T Cell Exhaustion During Chronic Viral Infection and Cancer
    Annu Rev Immunol 2019 DOI
  5. Dynamic changes in regulatory T cells during normal pregnancy, recurrent pregnancy loss, and gestational diabetes
    J Reprod Immunol 2022 DOI
  6. Evaluation of Th1-Th2 balance in patients with recurrent implantation failure; a systematic review and meta-analysis
    BMC Immunol 2026 DOI
  7. Expansion of CD4+CD25+and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: implications for human reproduction
    J Immunol 2007 DOI
  8. Expression levels for many genes in human peripheral blood cells are highly sensitive to ex vivo incubation
    Genes Immun 2004 DOI
  9. Foxp3 TSDR Hypermethylation Is Correlated with Decreased Tregs in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
    Reprod Sci 2020 DOI
  10. Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: from basic science to therapeutic applications
    Physiol Rev 2006 DOI
  11. Immunosenescence Study of T Cells: A Systematic Review
    Front Immunol 2021 DOI
  12. Induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor: possible protective mechanism
    Science 1988 DOI
  13. More Than Suppression: Glucocorticoid Action on Monocytes and Macrophages
    Front Immunol 2019 DOI
  14. Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Hum Reprod Update 2014 DOI
  15. Oestrogen increases haematopoietic stem-cell self-renewal in females and during pregnancy
    Nature 2014 DOI
  16. Peripheral blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity in recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    J Reprod Immunol 2023 DOI
  17. Prolactin Acts on Myeloid Progenitors to Modulate SMAD7 Expression and Enhance Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation into the NK Cell Lineage
    Sci Rep 2020 DOI
  18. Recurrent miscarriages and the association with regulatory T cells; A systematic review
    J Reprod Immunol 2020 DOI
  19. Selective expansion of CD16highCCR2- subpopulation of circulating monocytes with preferential production of haem oxygenase (HO)-1 in response to acute inflammation
    Clin Exp Immunol 2005 DOI
  20. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets
    Trends Immunol 2001 DOI

Incretin systems and dual co-agonists49

  1. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1
    Cell Metabolism 2018 DOI
  2. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: cause or consequence of the diabetic state?
    Diabetes 2007 DOI
  3. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity
    New England Journal of Medicine 2022 DOI
  4. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes
    New England Journal of Medicine 2021 DOI
  5. Amylin in vasodilation, energy expenditure and inflammation
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014 DOI
  6. Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
    N Engl J Med 2025 DOI
  7. Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction Through Selective Amylin Receptor Agonism: Emerging Cardiovascular Implications of Eloralintide
    Cardiol Rev 2026 DOI
  8. Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
    N Engl J Med 2025 DOI
  9. Discovery of AMG 133, a Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Antagonist and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Obesity
    J Med Chem 2026 DOI
  10. DPP-4 inhibitors repress NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1beta via GLP-1 receptor in macrophages through protein kinase C pathway
    Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014 DOI
  11. Dulaglutide provides protection against sepsis-induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis
    Eur J Pharmacol 2023 DOI
  12. Ecnoglutide: First Approvals
    Drugs 2026 DOI
  13. Effect of pemvidutide, a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist, on MASLD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    J Hepatol 2024 DOI
  14. Effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on pro-inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in individuals with alcohol use disorder: Post hoc results from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2025 DOI
  15. Effects of dulaglutide on endothelial progenitor cells and arterial elasticity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022 DOI
  16. Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Diabetes Obes Metab 2026 DOI
  17. Effects of pramlintide on postprandial glucose excursions and measures of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes
    Diabetes Care 2005 DOI
  18. Efficacy and Safety of CagriSema for Metabolic Outcomes: Systematic Review and Pairwise Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2026 DOI
  19. Efficacy and safety of cAMP signalling-biased GLP-1 analogue ecnoglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (EECOH-1): a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
    Nat Commun 2026 DOI
  20. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral zenagamtide, a novel unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial
    Lancet 2026 DOI
  21. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly subcutaneous zenagamtide, a novel unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial
    Lancet 2026 DOI
  22. Eloralintide (LY3841136), a novel amylin receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity: From discovery to clinical proof of concept
    Mol Metab 2025 DOI
  23. Exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist) expresses anti-inflammatory properties in cultured human monocytes/macrophages in a protein kinase A and B/Akt manner
    Pharmacol Rep 2015 DOI
  24. Exenatide and metformin express their anti-inflammatory effects on human monocytes/macrophages by the attenuation of MAPKs and NFκB signaling
    Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016 DOI
  25. Exenatide exerts a potent antiinflammatory effect
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 DOI
  26. Exenatide Increases IL-1RA Concentration and Induces Nrf-2‒Keap-1‒Regulated Antioxidant Enzymes: Relevance to β-Cell Function
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018 DOI
  27. GIP regulates inflammation and body weight by restraining myeloid-cell-derived S100A8/A9
    Nat Metab 2018 DOI
  28. GIPR Signaling in Immune Cells Maintains Metabolically Beneficial Type 2 Immune Responses in the White Fat From Obese Mice
    Front Immunol 2021 DOI
  29. IAPP and type 1 diabetes: implications for immunity, metabolism and islet transplants
    J Mol Endocrinol 2018 DOI
  30. Increased GIP signaling induces adipose inflammation via a HIF-1α-dependent pathway and impairs insulin sensitivity in mice
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014 DOI
  31. Long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ameliorates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation
    J Immunol 2014 DOI
  32. Mazdutide Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Improving Lipid Metabolism and Alleviating Inflammation
    Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2026 DOI
  33. Mechanistically resolved prediction of compound hepatotoxicity using primary human liver spheroids-Application to recent real-world cases
    Drug Metab Dispos 2026 DOI
  34. Once-Monthly Maridebart Cafraglutide for the Treatment of Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial
    N Engl J Med 2025 DOI
  35. Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial
    Lancet 2021 DOI
  36. Orforglipron for the treatment of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity or overweight: Study design and baseline characteristics of ATTAIN-OSA, a phase 3 trial
    Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2026 DOI
  37. Petrelintide, a human amylin analogue for the treatment of obesity (ZUPREME 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
    Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2026 DOI
  38. Pramlintide reduced markers of oxidative stress in the postprandial period in patients with type 2 diabetes
    Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008 DOI
  39. Pramlintide: An Amylin Analogue Protects Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress through Regulating Oxidative Markers and NF-κb Expression
    Int J Prev Med 2022 DOI
  40. Safety and efficacy of 24 weeks of pemvidutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A randomized, controlled clinical trial
    JHEP Rep 2025 DOI
  41. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial
    Lancet 2021 DOI
  42. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Petrelintide for Weight Management: Two Randomized, Controlled Phase 1 Trials
    Diabetes Obes Metab 2026 DOI
  43. Study design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of ATTAIN-HYPERTENSION, a phase 3 trial of the oral GLP-1 receptor agonist orforglipron for hypertension
    Am J Prev Cardiol 2026 DOI
  44. Survodutide in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
    Nat Med 2026 DOI
  45. The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on circulating inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Diabetes Obes Metab 2025 DOI
  46. The GLP-1 analogue lixisenatide decreases atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant mice by modulating macrophage phenotype
    Diabetologia 2017 DOI
  47. Treatment with orforglipron, an oral glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is associated with improvements of CV risk biomarkers in participants with type 2 diabetes or obesity without diabetes
    Cardiovasc Diabetol 2025 DOI
  48. Weekly Subcutaneous VK2735, a GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Dual Agonist, for Weight Management: Phase 2, Randomized, 13-Week VENTURE Study
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 2026 DOI
  49. Weight reduction-dependent/-independent effects of survodutide on liver endpoints: Mediation analysis of a phase 2 trial in MASH
    Hepatology 2026 DOI

Growth hormone secretagogues and GHRH analogs38

  1. Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly
    Science 1982 DOI
  2. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
    Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006 DOI
  3. A five day treatment with daily subcutaneous injections of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 causes response attenuation and does not stimulate insulin-like growth factor-I secretion in healthy young men
    Eur J Endocrinol 1998 DOI
  4. A growth hormone-releasing peptide promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and a fat burning-like phenotype through scavenger receptor CD36 in white adipocytes
    Endocrinology 2006 DOI
  5. A growth hormone-releasing peptide that binds scavenger receptor CD36 and ghrelin receptor up-regulates sterol transporters and cholesterol efflux in macrophages through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent pathway
    Mol Endocrinol 2006 DOI
  6. Acylated Ghrelin Attenuates l-Thyroxin-induced Cardiac Damage in Rats by Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects and Downregulating Components of the Cardiac Renin-angiotensin System
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021 DOI
  7. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls
    J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014 DOI
  8. Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin in cardiopulmonary bypass involves a reduction in inflammatory response
    PLoS One 2013 DOI
  9. Current updates in the medical management of obesity
    Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov 2012 DOI
  10. Cyclic force upregulates mechano-growth factor and elevates cell proliferation in 3D cultured skeletal myoblasts
    Arch Biochem Biophys 2009 DOI
  11. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions
    Expert Rev Proteomics 2014 DOI
  12. Different roles of the IGF-I Ec peptide (MGF) and mature IGF-I in myoblast proliferation and differentiation
    FEBS Lett 2002 DOI
  13. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model
    Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015 PubMed
  14. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: a randomized trial
    Ann Intern Med 2008 DOI
  15. Effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 on the nocturnal secretion of GH, ACTH and cortisol and on the sleep EEG in man: role of routes of administration
    J Neuroendocrinol 1999 DOI
  16. Effects of growth hormone-releasing peptides in healthy dogs and in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
    Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002 DOI
  17. Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010 DOI
  18. Gene Expression Signatures Predict First-Year Response to Somapacitan Treatment in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 DOI
  19. Gene expression signatures predict response to therapy with growth hormone
    Pharmacogenomics J 2021 DOI
  20. Growth hormone enhances thymic function in HIV-1-infected adults
    J Clin Invest 2008 DOI
  21. Growth hormone status during long-term hexarelin therapy
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 DOI
  22. Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 stimulates GH secretion in GH-deficient patients with mutated GH-releasing hormone receptor
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 DOI
  23. Hexarelin decreases slow-wave sleep and stimulates the secretion of GH, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin during sleep in healthy volunteers
    Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004 DOI
  24. Hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in the rat
    Peptides 2009 DOI
  25. Improved thymic index, density and output in HIV-infected patients following low-dose growth hormone therapy: a placebo controlled study
    AIDS 2009 DOI
  26. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment
    Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 DOI
  27. Mechano growth factor (MGF) promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of porcine satellite cells (PSCs) by down-regulation of key myogenic transcriptional factors
    Mol Cell Biochem 2012 DOI
  28. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone
    Horm Res 2000 DOI
  29. Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 DOI
  30. Proteinase B disruption is required for high level production of human mechano-growth factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2010 DOI
  31. Reversal of epigenetic aging and immunosenescent trends in humans
    Aging Cell 2019 DOI
  32. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance
    Sports Med 2026 DOI
  33. Short-term administration of intranasal or oral Hexarelin, a synthetic hexapeptide, does not desensitize the growth hormone responsiveness in human aging
    Eur J Endocrinol 1996 DOI
  34. Structure-activity relationships of GHRP-6 azapeptide ligands of the CD36 scavenger receptor by solid-phase submonomer azapeptide synthesis
    J Am Chem Soc 2011 DOI
  35. The cardiovascular action of hexarelin
    J Geriatr Cardiol 2014 DOI
  36. The CD36-PPARγ Pathway in Metabolic Disorders
    Int J Mol Sci 2018 DOI
  37. The effect of an opiate antagonist on the hormonal changes induced by hexarelin
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995 DOI
  38. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice
    Endocrinology 2001 DOI

Somatostatin receptor biology15

  1. SOM230: a novel somatostatin peptidomimetic with broad somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) receptor binding and a unique antisecretory profile
    European Journal of Endocrinology 2002 DOI
  2. Somatostatin and its receptor family
    Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 1999 DOI
  3. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease
    N Engl J Med 2012 DOI
  4. Experimental hyperglycemia induces an increase of monocyte and T-lymphocyte content in adipose tissue of healthy obese women
    PLoS One 2015 DOI
  5. Expression of somatostatin, cortistatin, and somatostatin receptors in human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003 DOI
  6. Factors predicting pasireotide responsiveness in somatotroph pituitary adenomas resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogues: an immunohistochemical study
    Eur J Endocrinol 2015 DOI
  7. Hyperglycemia associated with pasireotide: results from a mechanistic study in healthy volunteers
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 DOI
  8. Inhibitory effect of pasireotide and octreotide on lymphocyte activation
    J Neuroimmunol 2006 DOI
  9. Octreotide Subcutaneous Depot for Acromegaly: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Trial, ACROINNOVA 1
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2025 DOI
  10. Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial
    Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014 DOI
  11. Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 DOI
  12. Rapid and sustained reduction of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acromegaly receiving lanreotide Autogel therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study with a 52 week open extension
    Pituitary 2009 DOI
  13. Rapid Progression of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Urinary Biomarkers as Predictors
    Am J Nephrol 2019 DOI
  14. Somatostatin Ameliorates Corneal Nerve Abnormalities and Inflammation Through Regulation of Macrophage Activities in Dry Eye Disease
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2025 DOI
  15. The effect of somatostatin on the production of human interferons by mononuclear cells
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1990 DOI

Mitochondrial-derived peptides and bioenergetics33

  1. A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Aβ
    PNAS 2001 DOI
  2. Humanin: a harbinger of mitochondrial-derived peptides?
    Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013 DOI
  3. MOTS-c interacts synergistically with exercise intervention to regulate PGC-1α expression, attenuate insulin resistance and enhance glucose metabolism in mice via AMPK signaling pathway
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease 2021 DOI
  4. MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis
    Nature Communications 2021 DOI
  5. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance
    Cell Metabolism 2015 DOI
  6. AGEs-RAGE Axis and Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Interconnected Pathways Beyond Inflammation and Nutrition
    Antioxidants (Basel) 2026 DOI
  7. Cardiolipin remodelling in mitochondrial therapeutics: translational evidence chains from elamipretide to emerging strategies
    Front Physiol 2026 DOI
  8. Cytoprotective role of humanin in lens epithelial cell oxidative stress‑induced injury
    Mol Med Rep 2020 DOI
  9. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial
    Neurology 2023 DOI
  10. Elamipretide(SS-31) Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages
    Antioxidants (Basel) 2023 DOI
  11. Elamipretide: The first cardiolipin-directed mitochondrial therapeutic for Barth syndrome approved under accelerated approval
    Drug Discov Ther 2025 DOI
  12. Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression
    Circulation 2022 DOI
  13. Evolution of Mitochondrially Derived Peptides Humanin and MOTSc, and Changes in Insulin Sensitivity during Early Gestation in Women with and without Gestational Diabetes
    J Clin Med 2022 DOI
  14. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics
    Br J Pharmacol 2014 DOI
  15. FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice
    Aging (Albany NY) 2020 DOI
  16. FOXO4-DRI induces keloid senescent fibroblast apoptosis by promoting nuclear exclusion of upregulated p53-serine 15 phosphorylation
    Commun Biol 2025 DOI
  17. Humanin inhibits neuronal cell death by interacting with a cytokine receptor complex or complexes involving CNTF receptor alpha/WSX-1/gp130
    Mol Biol Cell 2009 DOI
  18. Humanin: a novel central regulator of peripheral insulin action
    PLoS One 2009 DOI
  19. Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice
    Free Radic Biol Med 2018 DOI
  20. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial
    PLoS One 2021 DOI
  21. Mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c suppresses systemic and cardiac inflammasome activation in a diabetic rat model
    Exp Physiol 2026 DOI
  22. Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c activates metabolic signaling but blunts reparative function in human mesenchymal stromal cells
    Inflamm Regen 2026 DOI
  23. Mitochondrial-encoded MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet destruction in autoimmune diabetes
    Cell Rep 2021 DOI
  24. MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded interferon-linked host defense peptide
    Elife 2026 DOI
  25. MOTS-c mediates remote ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via NRF2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis
    Chin Med J (Engl) 2026 DOI
  26. Neuroprotective Effect of Intraperitoneal Humanin-G in Retinal Degeneration of Royal College of Surgeons Rats
    Res Sq 2026 DOI
  27. Reduced serum and skeletal muscle MOTS c levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction
    Sci Rep 2026 DOI
  28. S14G-humanin (HNG) protects retinal endothelial cells from UV-B-induced NLRP3 inflammation activation through inhibiting Egr-1
    Inflamm Res 2021 DOI
  29. Szeto-Schiller 31 eases acute lung injury in neonatal mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome by mediating TXNIP expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
    Transl Pediatr 2025 DOI
  30. Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging
    Cell 2017 DOI
  31. The IL-27 component EBI-3 and its receptor subunit IL-27Rα are essential for the cytoprotective action of humanin on male germ cells†
    Biol Reprod 2021 DOI
  32. The impact of mitokine MOTS-c administration on the soleus muscle of rats subjected to a 7-day hindlimb suspension
    J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2025 DOI
  33. The protective effect of the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c on LPS-induced septic cardiomyopathy
    Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023 DOI

Tissue repair and cytoprotective peptides20

  1. Advances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin β4
    Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2015 DOI
  2. Brain-gut axis and pentadecapeptide BPC 157: theoretical and practical implications
    Current Neuropharmacology 2016 DOI
  3. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018 DOI
  4. Clopidogrel-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats is Attenuated by Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157
    Drug Des Devel Ther 2020 DOI
  5. Enhancement by PL 14736 of granulation and collagen organization in healing wounds and the potential role of egr-1 expression
    Eur J Pharmacol 2007 DOI
  6. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cuattenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation by reducing oxidative stress pathway
    Front Mol Biosci 2022 DOI
  7. Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Curescues cigarette smoking-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction via a sirtuin 1-dependent pathway
    J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023 DOI
  8. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat
    J Orthop Res 2010 DOI
  9. Protective effects of GHK-Cu in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation pathways
    Life Sci 2019 DOI
  10. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the therapy of the rats with bile duct ligation
    Eur J Pharmacol 2019 DOI
  11. Stable pentadecapeptide therapy counteracts gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicitynitric oxide-system modulation: evidence from a triple nitric oxide-agent approach in rats
    J Physiol Pharmacol 2026 DOI
  12. The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010 DOI
  13. The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cutripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6
    Redox Biol 2024 DOI
  14. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice
    Oncotarget 2016 DOI
  15. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation
    J Mol Med (Berl) 2016 DOI
  16. Therapy of the rat hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-arginine, L-NAME
    Eur J Pharmacol 2019 DOI
  17. Thymosin Beta 4 Inhibits LPS and ATP-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cells via the Regulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways
    Int J Mol Sci 2023 DOI
  18. Thymosin beta 4 protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress by targeting anti-oxidative enzymes and anti-apoptotic genes
    PLoS One 2012 DOI
  19. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway
    Exp Eye Res 2007 DOI
  20. Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
    PLoS One 2016 DOI

Antimicrobial peptides and host defence18

  1. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
    Nature 2002 DOI
  2. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity
    Nature Reviews Immunology 2003 DOI
  3. LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes 2006 DOI
  4. Antibiotics modulate the stimulated cytokine response to endotoxin in a human ex vivo, in vitro model
    Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006 DOI
  5. Bovine and human cathelicidin cationic host defense peptides similarly suppress transcriptional responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
    J Leukoc Biol 2006 DOI
  6. Covalent polymyxin B conjugate with human immunoglobulin G as an antiendotoxin reagent
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 DOI
  7. Dalbavancin Boosts the Ability of Neutrophils to Fight Methicillin-Resistant
    Int J Mol Sci 2023 DOI
  8. Daptomycin exerts differential immunomodulatory effects on host responses against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
    Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022 DOI
  9. Effect of human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 Peptide on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 DOI
  10. Glycopeptide Antibiotics Impair Neutrophil Effector Functions
    Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023 DOI
  11. Involvement of lipopolysaccharide binding protein, CD14, and Toll-like receptors in the initiation of innate immune responses by Treponema glycolipids
    J Immunol 2000 DOI
  12. Linezolid, vancomycin and daptomycin modulate cytokine production, Toll-like receptors and phagocytosis in a human in vitro model of sepsis
    J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015 DOI
  13. Modulation of human leukocyte antigen-DR on monocytes and CD16 on granulocytes in patients with septic shock using hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber
    Am J Surg 2004 DOI
  14. Monitoring the emergence of resistance mutations in patients infected with HIV-1 under salvage therapy with raltegravir in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a follow-up study
    J Med Virol 2012 DOI
  15. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated protein activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages
    J Immunol 2012 DOI
  16. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide
    Nature 2007 DOI
  17. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides
    Int J Mol Sci 2020 DOI
  18. Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    Wound Repair Regen 2014 DOI

Pineal regulatory peptides8

  1. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells
    Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2003 DOI
  2. Peptides and ageing
    Neuroendocrinology Letters 2002 PubMed
  3. [The influence of AEDG and KE peptides on mitochondries stain and L7A ribosomes protein expression during human pineal gland and thymus cell senescence in vitro.]
    Adv Gerontol 2020 PubMed
  4. Effect of Peptide AEDG on Telomere Length and Mitotic Index of PHA-Stimulated Human Blood Lymphocytes
    Bull Exp Biol Med 2019 DOI
  5. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity
    Biogerontology 2025 DOI
  6. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes
    Aging (Albany NY) 2022 DOI
  7. Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell
    Bull Exp Biol Med 2004 DOI
  8. The Antioxidant Tetrapeptide Epitalon Enhances Delayed Wound Healing in an in Vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy
    Stem Cell Rev Rep 2025 DOI

Insulin and glucose control7

  1. Acute modulation of toll-like receptors by insulin
    Diabetes Care 2008 DOI
  2. Classifying the adverse mitogenic mode of action of insulin analogues using a novel mechanism-based genetically engineered human breast cancer cell panel
    Arch Toxicol 2014 DOI
  3. Differential effects of rosiglitazone and insulin glargine on inflammatory markers, glycemic control, and lipids in type 2 diabetes
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007 DOI
  4. Insulin infusion suppresses while glucose infusion induces Toll-like receptors and high-mobility group-B1 protein expression in mononuclear cells of type 1 diabetes patients
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013 DOI
  5. Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect?
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 DOI
  6. Insulin-dependent regulation of insulin receptor concentrations: a direct demonstration in cell culture
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974 DOI
  7. Proinflammatory Effects of Hypoglycemia in Humans With or Without Diabetes
    Diabetes 2017 DOI

Immunomodulatory and melanocortin peptides36

  1. A multipronged Tα1 reset of CD8T cell cytotoxicity against breast cancer
    Hum Immunol 2026 DOI
  2. A Nonhematopoietic Erythropoietin Analogue, ARA 290, Inhibits Macrophage Activation and Prevents Damage to Transplanted Islets
    Transplantation 2016 DOI
  3. A role for MC3R in modulating lung inflammation
    Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008 DOI
  4. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibits monocytes adhesion to vascular endothelium
    Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015 DOI
  5. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits NF-kappaB activation in human melanocytes and melanoma cells
    J Invest Dermatol 1999 DOI
  6. ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber density
    Mol Med 2013 DOI
  7. Cibinetide dampens innate immune cell functions thus ameliorating the course of experimental colitis
    Sci Rep 2017 DOI
  8. Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic Pain
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017 DOI
  9. Effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on interleukin 8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 expression in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line
    Ophthalmic Res 2005 DOI
  10. Evolving Therapy for Celiac Disease
    Front Pediatr 2019 DOI
  11. Expression and localization of melanocortin-1 receptor in human adipose tissues of severely obese patients
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007 DOI
  12. Flipping the molecular switch for innate protection and repair of tissues: Long-lasting effects of a non-erythropoietic small peptide engineered from erythropoietin
    Pharmacol Ther 2015 DOI
  13. Genetic variation in FKBP5 associated with the extent of stress hormone dysregulation in major depression
    Genes Brain Behav 2013 DOI
  14. Increased Expression of TLR4 in Circulating CD4+T Cells in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis and In Vitro Attenuation of Th2 Inflammatory Response by Alpha-MSH
    Int J Mol Sci 2020 DOI
  15. Individual pituitary neuropeptides do not recapitulate the effects of repository corticotropin (Acthar®) on human B cells in vitro
    J Neuroimmunol 2021 DOI
  16. Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists
    Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2012 PubMed
  17. Melanocortin 5 receptor and ocular immunity
    Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2006 PubMed
  18. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease
    Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 DOI
  19. Negative Modulation of B Cell Activation by Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling Protects against Membranous Nephropathy
    J Am Soc Nephrol 2022 DOI
  20. Non-erythropoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide protects mice from systemic lupus erythematosus
    J Cell Mol Med 2018 DOI
  21. Old drugs with new skills: fenoprofen as an allosteric enhancer at melanocortin receptor 3
    Cell Mol Life Sci 2016 DOI
  22. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis
    Mol Ther 2017 DOI
  23. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation
    Gastroenterology 2007 DOI
  24. Pharmacodynamics and tolerability of repository corticotropin injection in healthy human subjects: A comparison with intravenous methylprednisolone
    J Clin Pharmacol 2015 DOI
  25. Repository corticotrophin injection exerts direct acute effects on human B cell gene expression distinct from the actions of glucocorticoids
    Clin Exp Immunol 2018 DOI
  26. Role of thymosin α1 in restoring immune response in immunological nonresponders living with HIV
    BMC Infect Dis 2024 DOI
  27. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted γ-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV for Alleviating TNBS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats
    ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021 DOI
  28. The role of alpha-MSH as a modulator of cutaneous inflammation
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000 DOI
  29. The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial
    Crit Care Med 2022 DOI
  30. The vasoreparative potential of endothelial colony-forming cells in the ischemic retina is enhanced by cibinetide, a non-hematopoietic erythropoietin mimetic
    Exp Eye Res 2019 DOI
  31. Therapeutic options for coeliac disease: What else beyond gluten-free diet?
    Dig Liver Dis 2019 DOI
  32. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells
    Clin Infect Dis 2020 DOI
  33. Thymosin α1 Augments CD8⁺ T-Cell Activation and Reverses Exhaustion In Vitro
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2026 DOI
  34. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production by macrophages: in vitro and in vivo studies
    J Immunol 1999 PubMed
  35. VIP attenuation of the severity of experimental pancreatitis is due to VPAC1 receptor-mediated inhibition of cytokine production
    Pancreas 2005 PubMed
  36. α-MSH-stimulated tolerogenic dendritic cells induce functional regulatory T cells and ameliorate ongoing skin inflammation
    J Invest Dermatol 2012 DOI

Reproductive and hormonal-axis peptides17

  1. Activation of thymic regeneration in mice and humans following androgen blockade
    J Immunol 2005 DOI
  2. Characterization of inflammatory response in hepatorenal syndrome: Relationship with kidney outcome and survival
    Liver Int 2019 DOI
  3. Frailty syndrome is associated with changes in peripheral inflammatory markers in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy
    Urol Oncol 2019 DOI
  4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-regulated chemokine expression in human placentation
    Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009 DOI
  5. Interaction between a synthetic analogue of vasopressin and human peripheral blood lymphocytes
    J Clin Lab Immunol 1982 PubMed
  6. KP-10/Gpr54 attenuates rheumatic arthritis through inactivating NF-κB and MAPK signaling in macrophages
    Pharmacol Res 2021 DOI
  7. Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer
    Exp Physiol 2020 DOI
  8. Oxytocin alleviates the neuroendocrine and cytokine response to bacterial endotoxin in healthy men
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008 DOI
  9. Oxytocin does not attenuate the ex vivo production of inflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes and macrophages from healthy male and female donors
    Neuroimmunomodulation 2013 DOI
  10. Oxytocin inhibits ox-LDL-induced adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells to human brain microvascular endothelial cells
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017 DOI
  11. Oxytocin receptor agonist reduces perinatal brain damage by targeting microglia
    Glia 2018 DOI
  12. Peripheral monocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for metastasis-directed therapy in prostate cancer: insights from an exploratory study
    BMC Cancer 2026 DOI
  13. Prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy develop persistent changes in adaptive immune responses
    Hum Immunol 2010 DOI
  14. Sex steroid blockade enhances thymopoiesis by modulating Notch signaling
    J Exp Med 2014 DOI
  15. Sex‑specific cardiovascular risk in estrogen‑treated androgen‑deprived males: metabolic characterization of glucose, adipose, and lipid pathways
    Cardiovasc Diabetol 2026 DOI
  16. Signal requirements for production of luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone by human T cells
    Cell Immunol 1995 DOI
  17. The effect of short-term estradiol therapy on clotting and inflammatory markers in older men receiving hormonal suppression therapy for prostate cancer
    Aging Male 2008 DOI

Neuropeptides and nootropic peptides24

  1. [Immunomodulatory effects of selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders]
    Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2008 PubMed
  2. [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]
    Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018 DOI
  3. [THE INFLUENCE OF DELTA SLEEP-INDUCING PEPTIDE ON FUNCTIONAL STATE OF RATS HEPATOCYTES IN FOOT-SHOCK STRESS]
    Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2015 PubMed
  4. A role for the somatotropic axis in neural development, injury and disease
    J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000 DOI
  5. AngIV-Analog Dihexa Rescues Cognitive Impairment and Recovers Memory in the APP/PS1 Mouse via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway
    Brain Sci 2021 DOI
  6. Antistress Action of Melanocortin Derivatives Associated with Correction of Gene Expression Patterns in the Hippocampus of Male Rats Following Acute Stress
    Int J Mol Sci 2021 DOI
  7. Cerebrolysin Alleviating Effect on Glutamate-Mediated Neuroinflammation Via Glutamate Transporters and Oxidative Stress
    J Mol Neurosci 2022 DOI
  8. Cerebrolysin attenuates hyperalgesia, photophobia, and neuroinflammation in a nitroglycerin-induced migraine model in rats
    Brain Res Bull 2018 DOI
  9. Cerebrolysin® and Environmental Enrichment, Alone or in Combination, Ameliorate Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in a Post-Ischemic Depression Model in Mice
    J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022 DOI
  10. Changes of Transcriptomic Activity in Rat Brain Cells under the Influence of Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Like Peptides
    Biochemistry (Mosc) 2024 DOI
  11. Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies
    Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018 DOI
  12. Delayed peripheral administration of the N-terminal tripeptide of IGF-1 (GPE) reduces brain damage following microsphere induced embolic damage in young adult and aged rats
    Neurosci Lett 2009 DOI
  13. Delta sleep-inducing peptide alters bispectral index, the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability when used as an adjunct to isoflurane anaesthesia
    Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009 DOI
  14. Dizocilpine and cycloheximide prevent inhibition of c-Fos gene expression by delta sleep-inducing peptide in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats with different resistance to emotional stress
    Neurosci Lett 2011 DOI
  15. Effect of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide on Functional State of Hepatocytes in Rats During Restraint Stress
    Bull Exp Biol Med 2016 DOI
  16. Effect of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on expression of heat shock protein 70 kDa in K562 cells
    Bull Exp Biol Med 2009 DOI
  17. Effects of an Angiotensin IV Analog on 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington's Disease-Like Symptoms in Rats
    J Huntingtons Dis 2024 DOI
  18. Fucoidan (A Sulfated Polysaccharide) and Cerebroprotein in Combination Alleviate the Neuroinflammation-mediated Neural Damage and Functional Deficits in the Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model of Rat
    Neuroscience 2023 DOI
  19. Mechanism of action for NNZ-2566 anti-inflammatory effects following PBBI involves upregulation of immunomodulator ATF3
    Neuromolecular Med 2013 DOI
  20. Neuropeptides and human sleep
    Sleep 1997 PubMed
  21. NNZ-2566, a glypromate analog, improves functional recovery and attenuates apoptosis and inflammation in a rat model of penetrating ballistic-type brain injury
    J Neurotrauma 2009 DOI
  22. Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia
    Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009 DOI
  23. The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis
    BMC Genomics 2014 DOI
  24. Trofinetide Improves Cognitive Function in APP/PS1 Mice by Suppressing Inflammation and Apoptosis
    Mol Neurobiol 2025 DOI

Cardiovascular, critical-care and gut peptides16

  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by interferon-gamma-activated macrophages via suppression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B activation
    Regul Pept 2001 DOI
  2. Bradykinin-related peptides up-regulate the expression of kinin B1 and B2 receptor genes in human promonocytic cell line U937
    Acta Biochim Pol 2009 PubMed
  3. Cardiovascular and inflammatory response to cholecystokinin during endotoxemic shock
    Shock 2013 DOI
  4. Comparison of platelet function and morphology in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention receiving bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin versus clopidogrel pretreatment and bivalirudin
    Am J Cardiol 2007 DOI
  5. Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on tumor necrosis factor alpha transcription and nuclear factor-kappaB activity induced by lipopolysaccharide in rat pulmonary interstitial macrophages
    World J Gastroenterol 2002 DOI
  6. Effect of GPIIb/IIIa inhibition with eptifibatide or tirofiban on the expression of cellular adhesion molecules on monocytes
    In Vivo 2014 PubMed
  7. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan on the monocyte expression of biglycan in hypertensive patients
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010 DOI
  8. Enteric neural pathways mediate the anti-inflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 2
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007 DOI
  9. Examining FKBP5 mRNA expression in human iPSC-derived neural cells
    Psychiatry Res 2016 DOI
  10. Experimental TET2 Clonal Hematopoiesis Predisposes to Renal Hypertension Through an Inflammasome-Mediated Mechanism
    Circ Res 2024 DOI
  11. Inhibition of TREM-1 ameliorates angiotensin II-induced atrial fibrillation by attenuating macrophage infiltration and inflammation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a signaling pathway
    Cell Signal 2024 DOI
  12. Inhibitory effect of estrogen on Rac1-expression in monocytes
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009 DOI
  13. Interleukin-10-independent anti-inflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 2
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 DOI
  14. Teduglutide, a novel mucosally active analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease
    Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010 DOI
  15. The atrial natriuretic peptide regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages
    Ann Rheum Dis 2001 DOI
  16. Thrombin regulates the expression of proangiogenic cytokines via proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor-1
    Gen Pharmacol 2000 DOI

Radioligand therapy6

  1. Baseline Hematological Parameters and Outcomes in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Lu-177 PSMA Radioligand Therapy (RLT): A Multicenter Real-World Analysis
    Clin Genitourin Cancer 2026 DOI
  2. Differential expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets
    Eur J Endocrinol 2004 DOI
  3. Evaluation of the Interaction of Amino Acid Infusion onLu-Dotatate Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
    Clin Pharmacokinet 2019 DOI
  4. Health-related quality of life and pain outcomes with [Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 plus standard of care versus standard of care in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (VISION): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial
    Lancet Oncol 2023 DOI
  5. Influence of pretreatment with everolimus or sunitinib on the subacute hematotoxicity ofLu-DOTATATE PRRT
    Acta Oncol 2020 DOI
  6. Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted radionuclide therapy
    Prostate 2023 DOI

Peptide clinical and safety literature5

  1. Benefits and Harms of Pharmacologic Treatments in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Living Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians
    Ann Intern Med 2026 DOI
  2. Cardiovascular outcomes of semaglutide and tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Diabetol Metab Syndr 2026 DOI
  3. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 DOI
  4. Ketoacidosis Risk in Non-diabetic Patients Using Semaglutide Versus Tirzepatide for Obesity: A Disproportionality Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
    Cureus 2026 DOI
  5. Pulmonary adverse events associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of respiratory safety signals
    Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep 2026 DOI

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